Summary
A verbatim reference copy of the phonetic laws mined in the sibling Juthoor project from 861 Arabic–English cognate pairs (3,461 consonant alignments). It supplies what the project's own overview in Sound Change Laws Across Languages does not: empirically weighted correspondences. Nine Khashim laws (ف→f/p, ق→c/k/g, ش→s, ع→∅/h, غ→g/∅, خ→h/g/c, ط→t, ص→s, ح→h/k/c), five merger groups with measured weights (gutturals 0.886, emphatic dentals 0.754, velars/uvulars 0.727, sibilants 0.707, labials 0.649), deletion rates for weak consonants, an affix correspondence table, and a per-language merger matrix for Hebrew, Aramaic, Greek, Latin, English and Persian. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
Its role in this wiki is set by docs/ROOT-READING-METHOD.md: these laws drive the exploration pass — projecting a stripped name's skeleton backward through every merger group into the full set of candidate roots — before any candidate is graded. Two findings matter most for mythological names: a vowel onset, rough breathing or h in Greek, Latin or Germanic is the normal trace of a dropped Semitic guttural, and a long vowel or doubled consonant is the normal trace of Arabic gemination. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
Key Findings
- Guttural collapse — ع ح خ غ → h / ∅ / k / g at weight 0.886; ع alone deletes in 108 of 123 occurrences. The most consequential single law for recognising Semitic roots in European names. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Velar/uvular merge — ق ك ج → c / g / k / j at 0.727, with Latin c the dominant reflex of ق. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Emphatic-dental collapse — ط ت ذ ظ → t / d at 0.754; sibilant collapse — ص س ز ش → s / z / c at 0.707; labial group — ب ف م و → b / p / f / v / w / m at 0.649. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Deletion is normal — ي 31%, ن 23%, ر 13%, ل 12%; hamza almost always. A "missing" consonant is an expected outcome, not a disqualification. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Gemination → doubling or length — سرّاج → surgery shows the shadda surviving as a doubled medial cluster. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Affixes correspond — -er/-or ↔ ار, -al ↔ ال, in-/im- ↔ عن/إن, re- ↔ رد, sub- ↔ صب, -less ↔ ليس; compounds may be two Semitic roots (رثى + ليس → ruthless; عدر + جن → hydrogen). (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Greek-specific matrix — ع → ∅; ح/خ → χ or ∅; ق → κ; ط → τ/θ; ث → θ; ذ → δ; ص → σ. Latin-specific — ق → c/qu; ح/خ → h/∅; ث → t/s/f. (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
- Directional Semitic→Germanic shifts — ج → K/C/G (جمل → camel, جليد → cold); ب → F (بنصر → finger); د → T (دنّ → tonne); ف ↔ PIE *bha- (فاه → fama). (المصدر: raw/cross-cutting/juthoor-phonetic-laws.md)
Extracted Entities and Concepts
- Sound Change Laws Across Languages — the project's own overview and grading ladder, which this source complements rather than replaces
- ʿ-q-l, ṭ-w-r, h-l-l — Troy-cycle roots whose Greek reflexes follow the guttural and emphatic laws documented here
- ʾ-m-n, b-ʿ-l, m-w-t — roots whose Akkadian and Greek forms illustrate guttural weakening and sibilant collapse
- Thor, Hera, Odin, Asgard — the pilot pages of the exploration pass